The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on change of interleukin-2(IL-2) following maximum exercise and motor performance. Subjects were all 10 who were male students in N university. Independent variables were sleep deprivation and running condition on treadmile(2X3). Dependent variables were heart rate, free throw shoot of basketball, and running time on treadmile, and interleukin-2. Blood samples were taken from antecubital vein in rest, immediately after treadmile exercise, and 30 minute recovery after exercise. All data were analyzed by repeated measurement of GLM in SPSS. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Heart rate were significantly increased in rest condition and decreased in immediately, 30 minute following treadmile exercise after sleep deprivation. 2. The running time on treadmile were significantly decreased after sleep deprivation. 3. The scores of free throw shoot of basketball were significantly decreased after sleep deprivation. 4. The changes of interleukin-2 were non-significant difference between of treatment. In conclusion, sleep deprivation have negative effects on motor performance or cardiovascular system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of eye-limb coordination and the object-control skills with age and sex, and examine the relationship between two-variable groups. For this experiment, 186 children with the age of 5 to 10(99 boys and 87 girls) participated in the study. The eye-limb coordination ability(anticipation timing ability, pursuit ability and reaction ability) and the object-control skill(catching skill, throwing skill, striking skill, kicking skill, bouncing skill) suggested in TGMD(Test of Gross Motor Development)were tested. The two-way ANOVA was used to present the characteristics of the eye-limb coordination ability and the object-control skills according to age and sex. As a result, children with the age of 5 demonstrated the lowest performance while children with the age of 10 showed high performance significantly among age groups. The children with the age of 5 to 6 and 9 to 10 were found to be two critical periods of change with age. However, unlike the eye-limb coordination ability, there was a distinctive feature in the object-control skills of the age 9 and 10 over sex. 10 year-old boys showed a radical progress, but the 10 year-old girls showed a decline on the object-control skills compared with the 9 year-old. A canonical correlation analysis was used to examie the relationship between the eye-limb coordination and the object-control skills for the early childhood. The relationship revealed significantly showing canonical correlation with coefficient .599. Overall, the results indicated the eye-limb coordination ability such as anticipation timing ability with hand and foot showed higher role than pursuit and reaction ability. In addition, the object control skills such as catching and bouncing ability contributed importantly in explaining the relationship between the eye-limb coordination ability and the object control skill.

The purpose of this study was to describe patterns in the dynamics of families throughout their development in talented elite golfers. Five families, including five elite golfers and 10 parents of each golf players, were examined. A total of 15 individual interviews were conducted. This study was conducted based on the theoretical framework provided by Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer(1993) and the results of Cote(1999)`s study. They suggested that the acquisition of expert performance involves operating within three types of constraints: motivational, effort, and resource. In-depth interviews were conducted with each athlete and parents to explore how they have dealt with these three constraints. Results of this study identified three phases of participation, the sampling years, the specializing years, and the investment years so as to Cote. The influence of the family in each of these phases of development in elite golfers was discussed.

The purpose of the study was to identify the relationships between processes of change construct and adolescents` stages of exercise behavior. A total of 671 adolescents randomly selected from junior high and high schools in Seoul were surveyed. The revised Processes of Change questionnaire was used to predict the effect of processes of change construct on the stages of exercise behavior. Results indicated that significant differences were revealed in use of processes of change constructs through stages of exercise behavior. The use of cognitive and behavioral strategies increased from precontemplation through maintenance. The findings revealed that the processes of change constructs had the statistically significant relationships with stage of exercise behavior change. This study provides useful information about adolescents` exercise behavior and the processes of behavior change relating to it. Especially, the data obtained in this study provides some insights into the physical activity habits and the cognitive and behavioral components of increasing physical activity levels in the Korean adolescent populations.

This research examined behavioral(i.e movement time), neuromuscular(EMG) and Kinematic(3D analysis) characteristics of unilateral and bilateral aiming movements of three different age group. Three age group(10, 25, 68 years old; N=15) completed four unimanual aiming and four bimanual aiming movement tasks. While subjects performing the tasks behavioral, neuromuscular, Kinematical variables were recorded using Mega(1998) and Arieal Dynamics(2000)systems. Results indicatee that coupling of the two hands in symmetrical and asymmetrical aiming movements was present across the age. However, the linkage of the two hands was achieved in different ways for the three groups. For young adults the linkage of the two hands was accomplished by using minimum neuromuscular(duration of antagonist) and kinematic(angle between wrist and finger, effective distance-covering) variables. Both children and old adults group did not use effect of speed-accuracy for the coupling of two hands compare to the young adults group. More results were discussed.

The main purpose of this study is to develop and verify the questionnaire according to the need of strategic dimension athletes` self-management. First, the measurement was developed into 74 items based on previous studies and open-ended questionnaire. It was reduced to 51 items through content and face validity and was decided to four factors including 25 items through the pilot study based on Likert Scale 1-5, (1=used not at all, 5=used very much). Exploratory factor analyses for 434 high school, university and professional players were conducted, creating four factors(physical management, mental management, training management and interpersonal management). Eigenvalue is 4.75-1.11, factor loading .431-.766 and total variance 51.64%. The result of reliability test showed internal reliability, Cronbach` ?=.71-.68. The validity of self-management questionnaire was moderately verified by the confirmatory factor analyses for cross-validity of 329 athletes(GFI=.91, CFI=.87, RMR=.052, Q=2.44). In conclusion, self-management questionnaire for athletes was reliable and verified. These results were discussed in terms of psychological measurement and the uniqueness of Korean culture. This study obtains specific criteria validity and suggests the need of future studies like program development.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise participation(exercise frequency and movement time) and subjective health evaluation(health status and physical fitness level) on the psychological well-being. Total of 278 older populations over 60 years-old(male: 182, female: 96) in Gunsan city participated in this study. Among these subjects, 230 peoples(82.7%) participated in exercise event of health center regularly, but 48 peoples(17.3%) didn`t participated. Mean age of subjects were 66.8±4.5. The following scales were used for the purpose of this study. ⑴ sport-participation scale made by researcher ⑵ psychological well-being scale. The results were as follows; 1. There was significant difference in the psychological well-being(self-acceptance, environmental mastery, positive relationship, autonomy, purpose in life, personal growth) between exercise participated-populations and exercise non-participated populations statistically. 2. There was significant difference in the factors of self-acceptance, environmental mastery, and personal growth as a function of exercise frequeny and subjective physical fitness level. 3. There was significant difference in the factors of positive relationship and purpose in life as a function of subjective health status level. 4. There was not significant difference in the autonomy factor as a function of exercise participation and subjective health evaluation. The results of this investigation have found out that exercise participation have effect on the psychological well-being of the elderly via enhancing the physical fitness and subjective health evaluation.

The purpose of this study was to development and validation of the Korean version of the multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale(MSOS: R.J. Vallerand, P. Deshaies, N.M. Briere, L.G. Pelletier, 1996) designed to measure multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations dimensions. Data were obtained from a sample of 588 athletes and 364 recreational sport participants in middle and high school. Statistical procedures included descriptive statistics, factor analysis, internal consistency. By a exploratory factor analysis, eight factors were extracted to measure sportspersonship orientation: sport commitment, maximum effort, respect the opponent, considerate to teammate, team spirite, admit own mistakes and loss, obey the official, negative approach. Twenty-nine items satisfying both conceptual and statistical conditions were selected as the final items for Korean version of multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale(MSOS). Then a confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) was performed by AMOS 4 to confirm the factor structure of the KMSOS. The result of CFA idicated the measurement model consisted of the eight factors was well fitted to the data. This results were discussed in cross-cultural perspectives.

P-300 in an event related brain potential that has attracted attention as an indicator of mental processes such as cognitive functioning and information processing. The P300 occurs approximately 300-1000 ms after simulus onset and measures immediate reaction of the brain, thus it could be a useful tool in understanding the pattern of information processing regarding to task relevant stimuli. Therefore, the study examined P300 event related brain potentials in response to pitching to determine information processing such as selective attention and decision making. Forty two university students participated in this experiment. Stimuli used for this study were five different types of pitches (e.g., curve ball 112km/h, inside fastball 135km/h, outside fastball 134km/h, change-up 126km/h, and slider 121km/h) thrown by a professional pitcher to examine the latency and amplitude of P300 while participants reacted to filmed action. The pitched simuli were filmed using a digital handy camera and each stimulus was edited to equal the amount of time(3.5s) presented(from pitcher`s wind-up to finishing motion) on a monitor in random order. The ratios(frequency) of goal stimulus(i.e., curveball and standard stimul(i.e., inside fastball, outside fastball, slider, chang-up) presented were 20%(30 out of 150) and 80%(120 out of 150) pitches respectively. A 2(Groups)×4(Areas)×2(Stimuli) ANOVAs were used to analyze EEG data, Dependent measures were the latencies and amplitude of ERP on each electrode site. The results indicated that the amplitudes of P300 were greater in the goal stimulus than in the standard stimulus. The results also revealed that the amplitudes of P300 were different among O1, Fz, Pz and Cz. the findings support the previous findings (floor effect assumption) that in general, P300 was not influenced by task difficulty.

The purpose of this study was to examine development process of football skills acquisition in elementary students. The subjects were 18 elementary students whose parents had consent to participate in. The time span of observation and study was 71 months. The result of the study illustrated that there were 4 development phases of children`s football skill level, which were search, interest, flow, skill and action. These phases were classified by their movement during games and their main interest. In elementary 1st grade to 2nd grade(age 7~8), 1st stage, students did one-time action such as following football balls and kicking the balls to opponent area when the balls came near to them. In elementary 3rd grade(age 9), 2nd stage, students started to get interested in football skills. In elementary 4th grade to 5th grade(age 10~11), 3rd stage, each student had their own position by a tacit consent and they knew how to run the game. The students of this phase demonstrated obvious difference in football skill like managing balls. In elementary 6th grade(age 12), 4th stage, students repeated and practiced the football skills, that they wanted to achieve, and their interest in football were increased significantly. The results of the study will be useful to be the foundations of developing youth football training programs.

This research aims to prove that mental practice that includes abdominal breathing and progressive relaxation is an effective method in lowering the blood pressure by comparingㆍapproving the effect on the heart rate and the blood pressure under rest, which was proceed to divide middle-aged women into mental practiced group, aerobic trained group and controlled group randomly and to compare each group randomly and to compare each group and the period of measurement with the data of heart rate and blood pressure were measured before the test, during the test and after the test under rest from the program was performed for 4 weeks. The research was carried out from Aug. 05 to Sep. 06, 2002 with the measurement that includes the woman hypertensives from forties to sixties who reside in Busan and then, With the instruction of instruction of aerobic exercise 3 times a week for 4 weeks to aerobic trained group and non-instruction to controlled group. 2 weeks after the test, the blood pressure and heart rate were measured and post investigation was made after then. For the process of data using SPSS Program 10.0, repeated measure ANOVA was used at significant level ?=.05 in the comparison of each group and the change of relevant variable, one-way ANOVA was used in the analysis of the period of the test among each group and multiple comparison by Tukey test was made in the post approval. From this process of date, the following conclusion was drawn. First, the heart rate of the mental practiced group was decreased significantly in comparison to that of aerobic trained group and controlled group. Second, the systolic blood pressure of mental practiced group was decreased significantly in comparison to that of aerobic trained group and controlled group. Third, the diastolic blood pressure of mental practiced group was decreased steadily in comparison to that of aerobic trained group and controlled group, but statistical significant decrease was not found Consequently, its been proved that the mental practice which consists of abdominal breathing and progressive relaxation didn`t affect on the diastolic blood pressure but did affect on the control of heart rate and the systolic blood pressure under rest.

This study was to investigate enjoyment sources of positive experience and stress sources of negative experience to show the best movement keeping high levels of performance in eleven dance sports elites. This study was conducted with in-depth interview and the results were followed. First, the enjoyment sources were collected and analyzed in raw data of 299,20 categories, and 8 dimensions using inductive method while dance sports elites experiences. Subjects experienced many kinds of enjoyment sources in participating dance sports. Specific sources included the ability experience, the enjoyment of dance sports itself, the social approval and reward, the positive relationship, the benefits of life, the aspects of skills in dance sports, the win and competition, and so forth. Especially, the dance sports elites in korea showed a few different enjoyment sources(example, enjoyment of dance sports itself and benefits of life) that had not been reported in previous studies. Second, the stress sources were divided into raw data of 317, 19 categories, and 8 dimensions using the inductive method while dance sports elites experiences. The stress sources were varied in experiences. Sources included bad relationship with a partner, the fear of results in competitions, the negative relationship, the burden of practice, the individual loss of dance sports, worried in not approved rules and associations, worried in the future and the management of private institutes, and so forth. The specific characteristics of stress sources in dance sports displayed bad relationship with a partner, worried in not approved rules and associations, the problem of managing private institutes, and worried in the future demonstrated higher frequency than other studies conducted before in western society. Third, the enjoyment and stress sources were located at the continued lines and in the opposite locations. These sources had a relation with the interchange. In other words, if a dance sports athlete positively recognizes a situation, the source would act as an enjoyment, whereas if a dance sports athlete negatively recognizes a situation, the source would act as a stress. Based on the results of the range in analyzing with the inductive method, the categories of 39 from 16 enjoyment and stress sources were bound to 6 divisions as a partner, relationships, the changes of life, dance sports skills, the job in the future, and competitions.

This study examined the effects of psychological skills training sessions on selected psychological skills, self-management behavior, and golf performance in one high school-aged golfer. Orlick`s (1986) `mental plan` model guided the development and implementation of the PST procedures. A single-subject multiple baseline design was employed to evaluate the interventions. Interventions utilized in this study involved cognitive restructuring, preshot routine, self-talk, breathing, imagery, and goal setting. Results demonstrated that the psychological skills training sessions were effective in improving relaxation, self-talk, emotional control, positive thinking, and self-management. The enhancement of the psychological skills was linked to golf performance. Subjective evaluation made by the golfer supported the usefulness of the interventions in keeping her focused on training and competition. Discussion emphasized practical values of this type of PST and areas of further research.

The physical self-perception(PSPP) profile consisted of four subfactors (sport competence, body attractiveness, physical condition, and strength) and one domain factor(physical self-worth). The PSPP model predicted physical self-worth exerted moderated effects of physical self-perceptions on self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to analyze physical self-perception(PSPP) and self-esteem in female dancers. Three hundred two female college and professional dancers majoring in Korean, Ballet, Modern dance completed the Physical Self-Perception Profile and Self-Esteem Inventory. The results of MANOVA and path analyses indicated that professional dancers exhibited more higher levels of PSPP and self-esteem than college dancers. No significant differences in PSPP were found among Korean, Ballet, and Modern dancers. Particularly, body attraction was the most significant PSPP subfactor to discriminate the professional and the college dancers. The PSPP subfactors significantly influenced physical self-worth, and physical self-worth further significantly affect global self-esteem. These results were discussed with various psycho-social and biological perspectives in physical self-system.

The propensity for sensation seeking is considered as a significant factor to decide sports activity participation. This paper is designed for verifying the structural validly of the sensation seeking scale which was initially developed in general psychology field by Zuckerman, and assesses the predictive ability of sensation seeking scale in sports participation. The sensation seeking scale consists of four scales with forty questions (TAS; Thrill & Adventure Seeking, ES; Experience Seeking, BS; Boredom Susceptibility, DIS; Disinhibition). The questionnaire from the scales was revised and supplemented through contents analysis, and reduced to thirty questions according to the result of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. From the result of factor analysis Utilizing modified index, structural validly of MSSS was confirmed through four scales twenty-eight questions (GFI; .90, CFI; .91, TLI; .91, RMR; .04). As a result of discriminant analysis to examine the predictive ability of sensation seeking scale on sports participation, sensation seeking factors to discriminate between participators and non-participators were TAS and DIS among male and DIS, TAS and BS among female. This result suggests that the application of MSSS is valid in the studies on sports activity participation.

The purpose of this study is developing pro-golf players psychological skills training program coincide with emotion and golf environment, ultimately improving golf tournament capacity. To reach the goal first, find out the psychological skill factor through the qualitative research method for optimum performance of korean pro-golf players. Second, build up the pro-golf players psychological skills training through the study precedent based on psychological skill factor extract and expert meeting process. Lastly, set up the stage to assure the guarantee and propriety of finally developed psychological skills training program for pro-golf players. The person who subject of the study participated in this research belonging to the first and second part tournament of KPGAㆍKLPGA, 9 pro-golfers who take part in professional tournament at least 2 years continuously. The methode of collect material derive from non organized indepth interview. It was developed that pro-golf players psychological skills training through expert meeting data from the person who object of the study interview, look for the deeply study precedent. Finally, it was established that assure the guarantee and propriety of psychological skills training through the estimate psychological skill factor and golf performance capacity(drive shot, putting task). Through a casual survey of this research shows that conclusion. First, what it comes down to is the psychological skill factor of Korean pro-golf players "Control of Arousal & Anxiety", "Concentration". "Set a Goal", "Self-Confident", "Routine", "Self-Management". second, in the stage of psychological skills training program development, understand psychological skills training, set a goal, self-management, routine, basic imagery training and embodiment, self-confident, basic relaxation training and embodiment, concentration and developed 12 weeks total psychological skills training program for pro-golf players. In the end, effect of developed psychological skills training program and assured the propriety, psychological skills factor and golf performance capacity(drive shot, putting task) that turned out all of them are effective training program.